{"id":15185,"date":"2020-06-25T10:04:16","date_gmt":"2020-06-25T08:04:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reseauentreprendre-dev.sugarpepperandsalt.com\/paris\/2020\/06\/25\/%f0%9f%94%8e-a-la-loupe-relocalisation\/"},"modified":"2020-06-25T10:04:16","modified_gmt":"2020-06-25T08:04:16","slug":"%f0%9f%94%8e-a-la-loupe-relocalisation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reseauentreprendre-dev.sugarpepperandsalt.com\/paris\/2020\/06\/25\/%f0%9f%94%8e-a-la-loupe-relocalisation\/","title":{"rendered":"🔎 A la loupe : Relocalisation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Suite \u00e0 la crise du Covid-19, R\u00e9seau Entreprendre\u00ae Paris analyse diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9volutions qui devraient voir le jour. A travers nos articles \u00ab <\/span><\/span>\ud83d\udd0e A la loupe \u00bb, nous vous offrons une vision de l\u2019apr\u00e8s, fond\u00e9e sur les enjeux de nos entrepreneurs, leur r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du quotidien et de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me entrepreneurial dont le R\u00e9seau est partie int\u00e9grante.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00ab<\/i> Il faut renforcer notre souverainet\u00e9 sur des cha\u00eenes de valeurs qui sont strat\u00e9giques et donc r\u00e9duire notre d\u00e9pendance vis-\u00e0-vis d\u2019un certain nombre de grandes puissances<\/i> \u00bb<\/i><\/strong> a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Bruno Le Maire<\/span> le <\/span>9 mars 2020<\/span>.<\/span><\/i> Entre 1970 et aujourd\u2019hui, pr\u00eat de 50% de la production <\/span>fran\u00e7aise <\/span>a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9localis\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Derri\u00e8re la relocalisation, se cache <\/span>un enjeu fort d\u2019autonomie\u202f; comme l\u2019illustre <\/span>une \u00e9tude du <\/span>think<\/span> tank Utopies<\/span><\/a>,<\/span> la capacit\u00e9 productive actuelle des villes fran\u00e7aises serait de 3% en moyenne. La France a perdu sa souverainet\u00e9 des<\/span> industries pharma<\/span>ceutiques et automobiles, comme l\u2019illustre la crise actuelle. <\/span>Mais relocaliser peut-il se faire si simplement\u202f? Quels impacts<\/span> cela <\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e8re-t-il\u202f<\/span>alors que<\/span> la Chine concentre pr\u00e8s de 30% de la production manufacturi\u00e8re mondiale et est le 2<\/span>\u00e8me<\/span> fournisseur de la France\u202f?<\/span> Comment<\/span> cette relocalisation peut-elle se faire alors que <\/span>l<\/span>es savoir-faire de fili\u00e8res enti\u00e8res ont disparu\u202f?<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Opportunit\u00e9s \u00e0 relocaliser<\/b><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa relocalisation <\/span>des productions en France <\/span>pr\u00e9sente<\/span> de nombreuses opportunit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques<\/span>,<\/span> sociales,<\/span> environnementales<\/span> et g\u00e9opolitiques. <\/span>La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tant la <\/span>cr\u00e9ation d\u2019emplois qualifi\u00e9s<\/b><\/span>, accompagn\u00e9<\/span>e<\/span> d\u2019une relocalisation des savoir-faire et comp\u00e9tences. <\/span>Les co<\/span>\u00fb<\/span>ts faibles de main d\u2019\u0153uvre recherch\u00e9s lors d\u2019une d\u00e9localisation sont aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 relativiser<\/span>\u202f: il<\/span>s<\/span> ne pren<\/span>nent<\/span> pas en compte la formation<\/span>, ni<\/span> la qualification du salari<\/span>\u00e9<\/span>. En relocalisant, une entreprise peut ainsi disposer de nombreux dispositifs lui permettant d\u2019avoir acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une main d\u2019\u0153uvre plus qualifi\u00e9e<\/span> et contribuer \u00e0 faire diminuer le niveau de ch\u00f4mage en France.<\/span> A<\/span>utre<\/span> opportunit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique<\/span> de produire <\/span>diff\u00e9remment<\/span>, les<\/span> intentions de consommation des c<\/b>itoyens<\/b><\/span>, qui souhaitent <\/span>voir les industries relocalis\u00e9es apr\u00e8s la crise<\/span> afin de s\u00e9curiser la production. <\/span>Ainsi, 93% des fran\u00e7ais souhaitent que l\u2019issue de la crise soit accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019une autonomie agricol<\/span>e et<\/span> 92% <\/span>que les entreprises industrielles <\/span>soient relocalis\u00e9es<\/span><\/a>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPar ailleurs, d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019une comp\u00e9tence critique est concentr\u00e9e dans un pays, nous sommes \u00e0 la merci d\u2019une crise \u00e9conomique, g\u00e9opolitique ou catastrophe naturelle. La crise du Covid-19 attire notre attention sur <\/span>la fragilit\u00e9 de certaines de nos cha\u00eenes de valeurs et d\u2019approvisionnements<\/b><\/span>,<\/span> sur lesquelles nous n\u2019avons que peu de visibilit\u00e9. Une meilleure connaissance de l\u2019origine de nos ressources <\/span>permettrait \u00ab\u202f<\/span>de mettre en place des actions de relocalisation de certaines productions et des renforcements de fili\u00e8res, en lien direct avec la demande <\/span><\/i>r\u00e9elle des entreprises\u202f<\/span><\/i><\/a>\u00bb. <\/span>Ainsi, la relocalisation d<\/span>\u2019une partie des <\/span>productions critiques<\/span>,<\/span> telles que les m\u00e9dicaments ou les masques, permettrait d\u2019assurer un approvisionnement s\u00e9curis\u00e9 des produits essentiels<\/span> \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 <\/span>nationale<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLes opportunit\u00e9s <\/span>environnementales<\/span> \u00e0 relocaliser sont \u00e9galement nombreuses. Parmi <\/span>celles-ci<\/span>, notons\u202f: la <\/span>r\u00e9duction des <\/b>g<\/b>az \u00e0 <\/b>e<\/b>ffets de <\/b>s<\/b>erre<\/b><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par les importations et l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir <\/span>recours \u00e0 des circuits courts<\/b><\/span>.<\/span> <\/span>Ainsi, <\/span>l<\/b>\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire<\/b><\/span>, <\/span>est une \u00e9conomie qui <\/span>m<\/span>et sur le march\u00e9 des produits sains, <\/span>recyclables<\/span> et qui peuvent \u00eatre retourn\u00e9s dans des cycles de production. C\u2019<\/span>est une opportunit\u00e9 de r\u00e9ponse <\/span>\u00e0 notre besoin de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res<\/span> locales<\/span> ; e<\/span>n allant vers un usage <\/span>diff\u00e9rent de la mati\u00e8re<\/span>, la France <\/span>r\u00e9duirait<\/span> sa d\u00e9pendance et son emp<\/span>rei<\/span>nte \u00e9cologique.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnfin, les opportunit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Si <\/span>r\u00e9ajuster les balances commerciales<\/b><\/span> et r\u00e9tablir un \u00e9quilibre entre les pays <\/span>tels que la France et la Chine<\/span> est une des externalit\u00e9s de <\/span>la relocalisation, faire <\/span>red\u00e9couvrir<\/span> au monde la valeur de ses territoires<\/span>, en permettant \u00e0 chaque pays <\/span>de tirer profit de<\/span> ses ressources,<\/span> est \u00e9galement un <\/span>attendu.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Limites de la relocalisation<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa<\/span> d\u00e9localisation a permis \u00e0 des millions de personnes de sortir de la pauvret\u00e9<\/span>, et <\/span>la <\/span>question des emplois cr\u00e9\u00e9s dans les pays ateliers\u202f<\/b>se pose <\/b><\/span>: qu\u2019adviendront-ils <\/span>si nos entreprises s\u2019installent de nouveau en France\u202f?\u00a0<\/span> Quelles \u00e9conomies de <\/span>substitution pensons<\/span>-nous<\/span> pour des pays qui vivent int\u00e9gralement <\/span>de l\u2019export de production que nous souhaitons relocaliser\u202f?<\/span> De plus, il est impossible de s\u2019affranchir de la <\/span>g\u00e9ographie des ressources<\/b><\/span>\u202fet nous ne pourrons retrouver une souverainet\u00e9 dans toutes les industries.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00c9galement<\/span>, <\/span>la complexit\u00e9 et le temps long n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la relocalisation d\u2019industrie<\/b><\/span>, dont les fili\u00e8res enti\u00e8res ont disparu en France<\/span> comme c\u2019est le cas de la fili\u00e8re de la laine<\/span> (<\/span>voir le projet <\/span>Tricolor<\/span><\/a>)<\/span>.<\/span> L<\/span>es d\u00e9fis de la relocalisation restent \u00e0 ce jour d\u2019une haute complexit\u00e9 pour les territoires<\/span>. \u201c<\/span>L<\/span><\/i>a relocalisation <\/span><\/i>n\u00e9cessaire<\/span><\/i> des emplois en France implique d\u2019avoir les moyens de travailler avec<\/span><\/i> des savoir-faire et<\/span><\/i> des mati\u00e8res, qui aujourd\u2019hui viennent <\/span><\/i>de pays \u00e9trangers<\/span><\/i>\u201d<\/span> souligne Christine<\/span> Guinebreti\u00e8re, co-fondatrice d\u2019Upcyclea et laur\u00e9ate de R\u00e9seau Entreprendre\u00ae Paris.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL\u2019impact \u00e9cologique<\/b><\/span> de la relocalisation est \u00e0 mesurer. En effet, en externalisant<\/span> la production dans les pays ateliers, nous externalisons \u00e9galement les <\/span>effets sur la biodiversit\u00e9 et les d\u00e9chets li\u00e9s \u00e0 celle-ci. La<\/span> re<\/span>localisation <\/span>doit<\/span> \u00eatre verte et<\/span> se baser sur la <\/span>r\u00e9silience des territoires<\/b><\/span>, afin de d\u00e9velopper <\/span>une \u00e9cologie industrielle. A ce <\/span>titre-l\u00e0<\/span>, les entrepreneurs et petites unit\u00e9s de production sont des facilitateurs pour des grosses entit\u00e9s qui souhaitent relocaliser une partie de leur activit\u00e9.<\/span> Faire accepter au consommateur <\/b>la juste r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration des producteurs<\/b><\/span>\u202f<\/span>repr\u00e9sente un r\u00e9el enjeu aujourd\u2019hui.<\/span> U<\/span>ne<\/span> d\u00e9<\/span>\u2013<\/span>co<\/span>r<\/span>r\u00e9lation<\/span> entre l\u2019intention des consommateurs \u00e0 mieux consommer et la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, <\/span>guid\u00e9<\/span>e<\/span> par le <\/span>prix d\u2019achat<\/span>, est constat\u00e9e.<\/span> Un travail d\u2019\u00e9ducation des consommateurs est \u00e0 pr\u00e9voir pour accompagner les relocalisations.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPour finir, l<\/span>e <\/span>think<\/span> tank <\/span>La Fabrique de l\u2019Industrie<\/span><\/a> souligne<\/span> enfin que<\/span> l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance strat\u00e9gique peut s\u2019obtenir sans relocaliser toute une industrie, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 <\/span>l\u2019adaptabilit\u00e9 des chaines de production<\/b><\/span>\u202f; e<\/span>n faisant preuve d\u2019agilit\u00e9 et en utilisant la flexibilit\u00e9 des usines pour produire en urgence les appareils et machines n\u00e9cessaires, m\u00eame si ces usines fabriquent d\u2019autres produits en temps normal. <\/span>C\u2019est le cas aujourd\u2019hui des <\/span>producteurs de parfum adapt<\/span>a<\/span>nt leur<\/span>s<\/span> usine<\/span>s<\/span> pour fabriquer <\/span>du gel <\/span>hydroalcoolique<\/span> mais aussi de nombreuses entreprises dans diff\u00e9rents secteurs.<\/span> A titre d\u2019<\/span>exemple<\/span>, l<\/span>\u2019entreprise <\/span>Balzac Paris, marque de <\/span>pr\u00eat-\u00e0-porter<\/span> et<\/span> laur\u00e9ate de R\u00e9seau <\/span>Entreprendre<\/span> Paris,<\/span> utilise \u00e9galement <\/span>l\u2019adaptabilit\u00e9 des <\/span>chaines<\/span> de production de ses fournisseurs pour garantir une production raisonn\u00e9e <\/span>(quantit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e) <\/span>de ses produits.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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S<\/b>outenir la relocalisation<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPlusieurs leviers permettraient de favoriser la relocalisation d\u2019une partie ou de l\u2019int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 d\u2019industries strat\u00e9giques pour le pays. <\/span>D\u2019apr\u00e8s le <\/span>think<\/span> tank Utopies, \u00ab\u202f<\/span>l<\/span><\/i>a \u00ab ville fabricante \u00bb ne pourra se d\u00e9velopper sans un changement de culture et de mod\u00e8le industriel, allant de l\u2019<\/span><\/i>Etat<\/span><\/i> aux territoires, en passant par un renouvellement des pratiques de partenariat public-priv\u00e9<\/span><\/i>\u202f\u00bb.<\/span> Les <\/span>r\u00e9flexions<\/b> \u00e0 mener sont globales <\/b><\/span>et embarquent des collaborations nouvelles entre diff\u00e9rents acteurs. <\/span>Les achats public<\/b>s<\/b><\/span> se doivent d\u2019\u00eatre au c\u0153ur de cette transformation<\/span> en influen\u00e7ant le<\/span>s approvisionnement<\/span>s<\/span>, crit\u00e8res de livraison, etc. <\/span>En parall\u00e8le, la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de <\/span>d<\/b>\u00e9velopper chez les entreprises la culture du circuit local<\/b>, <\/span>pour acheter de mani\u00e8re plus responsable<\/span> doit \u00e9merger.<\/span> Le troisi\u00e8me levier <\/span>de la relocalisation est <\/span>le consommateur<\/b><\/span>,<\/span> qui <\/span>a<\/span> un v\u00e9ritable pouvoir d\u2019<\/span>influence<\/span> par <\/span>ses<\/span> achats<\/span>\u202f: <\/span>58% des fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a> envisagent<\/span> ainsi <\/span>de consommer plus local \u00e0 la sortie de la crise. <\/span>Enfin, mettre en place une v\u00e9ritable logique d\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire et <\/span>de recourt aux <\/span>circuits courts<\/span> semble cl\u00e9<\/span>\u202f; i<\/span>l est n\u00e9cessaire <\/span>d\u2019i<\/b>nventer des mod\u00e8les<\/b> favorisant les circuits<\/b> courts<\/b><\/span>,<\/span> de<\/span> rapprocher les centres de production des centres de <\/span>consommation, en favorisant <\/span>les petites unit\u00e9s<\/span> de production. <\/span>L\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire repr\u00e9sente l\u2019opportunit\u00e9<\/span> pour de nombreuses industries de commencer \u00e0 se passer de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res <\/span>import\u00e9es <\/span>pour utiliser de plus en plus de mati\u00e8res recycl\u00e9es.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa crise du Coronavirus acc\u00e9l\u00e8re <\/span>la prise de conscience de notre d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 des entreprises lointaines, qui viennent entraver la possibilit\u00e9 de prot\u00e9ger et soigner les citoyens fran\u00e7ais. <\/span>Si la relocalisation partielle ou totale de certaines industrie<\/span>s<\/span> est n\u00e9cessaire<\/span>, <\/span>une autarcie \u00e9conomique ne semble pour autant pas une solution viable<\/span> sur le long terme\u202f; <\/span>l\u2019internationalisation des politiques, ressources et cha\u00eenes de production semble \u00eatre un \u00e9l\u00e9ment cl\u00e9 <\/span>pour faire face \u00e0 des crises similaires \u00e0 celle que nous traversons.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15186,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[93],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualites"],"yoast_head":"\n🔎 A la loupe : Relocalisation - R\u00e9seau Entreprendre Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"🔎 A la loupe : Relocalisation - R\u00e9seau Entreprendre Paris\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" 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